From Justice, poverty, and electricity decarbonization by Monyei et al.
https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/60463497/Monyei-et-al-…
In Germany, for instance, the exemption of privileged electricity consumers (industries) in 2015 from the German Renewable Energy Act EEG surcharge of 4.8 billion euros (107 TWh in electricity terms) increased the energy burden of other electricity consumers, particularly private households…
In California, renewable-energy mandates and its carbon cap-and-trade program have created a regressive energy tax resulting in higher household electricity burdens (percent of household income spent on electricity bills).
DB2