Medicare Drug coverage rules

Yesterday, when I was volunteering as a Tax Aide counselor, an 88-year old man told me that he was taking a very expensive drug for macular degeneration. Fortunately, he is subsidized by the manufacturer.

But I went to Gemini for the details on the new $2,000 cap on Medicare prescription drugs. This will impact many METARs and millions of people on Medicare.

Here is Gemini’s cheat sheet with comments inserted by me.

2026 Medicare Quick Reference Guide

Part D: Prescription Drugs

• Annual Out-of-Pocket Cap: $2,100

• Applies to: All covered Part D prescriptions. This only includes prescription drugs that are in your specific plan’s formulary. If you have a low-priced Part D insurance plan the formulary won’t cover many expensive drugs. That’s the catch – if you suddenly need an expensive drug but it’s not in the formulary it won’t be included in the $2,100 cap.

• Once reached: You pay $0 for covered drugs for the rest of the year.

• Note: Does NOT include insurance premiums or OTC drugs.

• Annual Deductible: Maximum $620. In the eyes of Medicare, a drug that is not on your plan’s formulary (the “non-formulary” drug) essentially doesn’t exist within the system’s protections. If a patient buys a drug that isn’t on their plan’s list, every dollar they spend on it is considered “out-of-network” or “non-covered.” * It does not count toward the $620 deductible. This explains why people pay for higher-priced Part D insurance.

• Medicare Prescription Payment Plan: Option to “smooth” costs into monthly installments.

Part B: Medical (Doctors/Outpatient)

• Annual Deductible: $283. This applies toward treatments and injections which are given in a doctor’s office, cancer clinic, etc. They are classified as “Part B” so the restrictions on Part D don’t apply.

• Coinsurance: Generally 20% of the Medicare-approved amount.

• Note: Part B drugs (like clinical injections) do NOT count toward the $2,100 Part D cap.

• Standard Monthly Premium: $196.70 (higher if income is above certain limits).

Part A: Hospital (Inpatient)

• Inpatient Deductible: $1,740 per benefit period.

• Days 1–60 Coinsurance: $0 per day.

Key Exclusions

• OTC Drugs/Supplements: Not covered by the $2,100 cap.

• Non-Formulary Drugs: Don’t count toward the cap unless a “Formulary Exception” is granted.

PSA: The 2026 Medicare $2,100 Cap – Read the Fine Print!

Many of us have been waiting for the new out-of-pocket cap on drug spending. Now that it’s 2026, the cap is officially in effect at $2,100. While this is a huge win, there are three “traps” that could leave you with a massive bill if you aren’t careful.

1. The “Formulary” Catch-22

The $2,100 cap only applies to covered drugs.

  • If your plan’s formulary doesn’t list your drug, nothing you spend on it counts toward your $620 deductible or the $2,100 cap.

  • The Fix: If you need a drug that isn’t on the list, you must have your doctor file a “Formulary Exception” request. If approved, your spending finally counts toward the cap.

2. The Oral Chemo & Eye Injection Trap (Part B vs. D)

Not all “drugs” are treated the same. The $2,100 cap ONLY applies to Part D (pharmacy) drugs.

  • Macular Degeneration Injections: These are usually Part B. You pay 20% coinsurance with NO CAP.
  • Oral Chemo Pills: If the pill is a substitute for an IV drug, it’s often Part B (No Cap). If it’s a “pill-only” formula, it’s usually Part D (Protected by the $2,100 Cap).
  • The Rule: If a medical professional has to administer it (like an injection), it’s probably Part B and not protected by the new cap.

3. OTC and Vitamins

Even if a doctor “prescribes” them, over-the-counter drugs and supplements (like AREDS2 for eyes) are never covered by Part D and don’t count toward your cap.


2026 Quick Reference Table

Benefit 2026 Cost / Limit Important Note
Part D Drug Cap $2,100 Only for drugs on your plan’s formulary.
Part D Deductible $615 Maximum allowed; some plans are lower.
Part B Deductible $283 For doctor visits and clinic-administered drugs.
Part B Coinsurance 20% NO ANNUAL CAP.
Part A Deductible $1,736 Per hospital benefit period.

Bottom Line:
Before starting a new, expensive treatment, ask your doctor: “Is this Part B or Part D?”
If it’s Part B and you don’t have a Medigap supplement, you are on the hook for 20% of the total cost indefinitely. If you do have a Medigap supplement the 20% will be covered.

The new cap is a tremendous improvement over the past but the rules must be followed. Those of us with low-cost Part D policies would fall through the cracks if we suddenly needed an expensive drug treatment.

Medicare Advantage is a whole different story. I have Traditional Medicare but over half of Americans on Medicare have Medicare Advantage so I asked Gemini. The answer is so complicated that I won’t post it here.

Just as Medicare Advantage companies are known for requiring “prior authorization” for surgeries and MRIs, all Part D drug plans (both standalone plans and those bundled into Medicare Advantage) use similar “utilization management” tools.

In fact, because prescription drugs are a recurring cost, insurance companies use these hurdles even more aggressively than they do for medical procedures.

Wendy

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How does any layperson in their 70s or 80s understand any of this?

Maybe that is by design.

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  1. Huge long running scam on macular degeneration injections.

https://www.npr.org/2006/08/01/5596931/costly-eye-drug-challenged-by-inexpensive-alternative

  1. Those formulary exceptions are routinely approved if your doctor shows “medical need”. There is no way for a patient to be smart enough to chose a more expensive Part D plan with a drug they’re not currently taking. You would need to chose a Part D plan with the more expensive drug when you sign up for Part D the following year.

  2. Don’t forget that the Part B, 20% copay is on the Medicare reimbursement, not the crazy price for the drug. And even if you have a cheap, high deductible Medigap plan, your out-of pocket for all Part B co-pays is capped at about $3,000/year.

AI dropped the ball on the response to this question.

intercst

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I suspect that. Our system -for some reason- got insurance companies involved very early (post WWII?). They are now so entwined in the system, we may never get it out. They are a powerful force in the crafting of legislation (whether the ACA, or the original Part D passed just over 20 years ago).

It is in their interest to make it as confusing as possible to rake in as much money as possible. This dovetails into the other discussion about Medicare Advantage plans. Just another insurance scam that promises to save you money, but in fact adds another layer between you and your care. And that layer isn’t free.

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