Control Panel: Bond yields climb

Bond yields continued to climb last week as the SPX continued to plateau.

Bonds usually aren’t as exciting as stocks so they tend not to make front-page news unless they do something surprising - like jump to yields not seen for decades. Here’s a very good article describing the situation.

The spike in Treasury yields isn’t being caused by rising inflation expectations. Anyone who thinks that the CPI-U will rise more than 2.3% over the next 10-30 years should be buying TIPS because the TIPS yield has been rock-steady at 2.3% over nominal Treasuries for many months. No, the rising yields are due to fundamental Macroeconomic trends like a solid economic outlook, ‌competition for investor ​cash due to ​strong ​tech sector investment, ‌as well as market ​participants ​adjusting prices to deal with the monetary policy ​outlook. The last part is the Fed’s new hawkishness due to Fed Chair Kevin Warsh’s serious intent to quell inflation.

The sweet spot on the Treasury yield curve is 2 to 10 years. The yields here have jumped for the past month. For investors who buy individual bonds and hold to maturity this is a rare buying opportunity to get a good return on cash. It can be treated as a paycheck - you know exactly how much will be coming in every month. Bond funds are not the same since yields could go up and a fund’s NAV could fall, losing principal.

Treasury Secretary Bessent has said that he plans to issue shorter-term T-bills to pay for the growing deficits. Investors expect a wave of supply without commensurate increased demand. That’s why prices are falling and yields are rising.

The junk bond spread is rising at the same time. Zombie companies that can barely make the interest payments on their maturing low-yield bonds from 2020-2021 will be stuck borrowing at higher interest rates. Some of these will pay their maturing debt with even more debt at higher yields. Others may go bankrupt.

Companies needing to borrow to build AI data centers and other business needs are paying higher interest rates.

The stock indexes have been treading water for the past month.
https://www.wsj.com/finance/stocks/how-to-know-when-the-ai-boom-is-about-to-go-bust-61af3d26?mod=hp_lead_pos3

How to Know When the AI Boom Is About to Go Bust

History shows that market manias end when the capital spigot turns off

By Jonathan Weil, The Wall Street Journal, Sept. 27, 2026

Almost from the start of the artificial-intelligence boom, a steady chorus of bears has warned that it’s destined to end in tears—like the original dot-com bubble more than a quarter-century ago and the housing bubble of the mid-2000s…

The list of things that could go wrong is long. There isn’t enough power for all the data centers under contract. There might not be enough paying customers to support all the data centers. The biggest AI-model developers could themselves be disrupted by upstarts. Rising interest rates could make borrowing costs prohibitive. And, most spectacularly, rogue AI agents might kill us all.

Yet new capital continues to pour into the AI trade and, as obvious as this point might be, that is where its biggest vulnerability lies.

Booms need continuous flows of fresh capital to perpetuate themselves. History shows they can start turning into busts the moment the window to raise new capital closes. Tipping points can happen suddenly, or as a slow-motion capitulation. But we’re not there yet.

Here is a signal to watch for in the meantime: See if the term “funding gap” returns to the market’s vernacular. Along with “burn rate,” funding gap became part of the financial lexicon in 2000, as the dot-com bubble was starting to deflate…

All anybody on the outside seems to know is AI companies are burning through lots of cash, with an insatiable need for more and no visible profits by conventional measures…[end quote]

From the tulip mania to the Dutch East India Company to the railroads to the internet fiber optic boom, every bubble in history deflated when new investors said, “Nope, doesn’t make sense to me at this price” and the cash that powered the bubble stopped.

The Chicago Fed’s National Financial Conditions Index (NFCI), which provides a comprehensive weekly update on U.S. financial conditions in money markets, debt and equity markets, and the traditional and “shadow” banking systems, shows that money is still very loose.

Inflation is still above the Fed’s goal although multivariate core trend inflation is declining.

The Atlanta Fed’s GDP Now Estimate for 2026:Q3 is 5.0% - a roaring economic forecast that is largely based on AI capital spending and will be inflationary if real productivity doesn’t grow faster than its recent trend.

Oil, gasoline, diesel and natgas are all trending up. USD is climbing and bitcoin is clawing its way out of the basement.

The METAR for next week is cloudy. Bond yields will probably climb, extending the fall in prices. There’s no indication that the stock market will suddenly get excited - nor that the music will suddenly stop, either.

Wendy

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reuters.com - Corporate debt maturities set test US borrowers rates rise

A growing wall of US corporate debt is set to mature from 2027, putting pressure on companies to refinance borrowings raised ​at ultra-low interest rates during the pandemic.
About $4.3 trillion of non-financial ‌corporate bonds issued in US markets will mature between 2027 and 2031, a Reuters analysis of LSEG data showed. Annual maturities rise from about $572 billion in 2027 ​to roughly $1.03 trillion in 2030, after many companies pushed debt into ​later years through refinancing.

The challenge comes as global debt has ⁠climbed above a record $365 trillion, according to the Institute of International ​Finance, while higher Treasury yields have lifted refinancing costs across markets. The ​benchmark 10-year US Treasury yield is above 5%, around its highest level since 2007.
As the debt comes due, companies that locked in cheap fixed-rate funding earlier in the ​decade will increasingly have to refinance at higher costs, pressuring earnings and ​cash flow.

The burden will be heaviest for lower-rated borrowers. High-yield bond maturities jump from ‌about $68.5 ⁠billion in 2027 to $314.1 billion in 2029, according to LSEG, while investment-grade maturities increase to $512.6 billion from $437 billion.
High-yield debt will account for about a third of all maturities in 2029, up from 12% in 2027.

Bond fund ​manager PIMCO said ​most investment-grade and ⁠high-yield issuers should be able to absorb higher refinancing costs, but the weakest borrowers face a sharper squeeze. ​Coupons on CCC-rated bonds due in 2027 and 2028 ​could roughly ⁠double if refinanced at current index yields, it said.

The refinancing wave will coincide with heavy borrowing by major technology companies to fund artificial intelligence infrastructure. ⁠Goldman ​Sachs expects gross debt issuance by hyperscalers ​including Amazon, Alphabet, Meta, Microsoft and Oracle to reach $420 billion in 2027, up 60% from estimated ​2026 levels.

Jeff

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@OrmontUS

Are we buyers of Chinese national debt? With the USD appreciation that needs some press.

Hours later…

How much: The latest firm figure I found is from April 2025. At that point foreign institutions held about 2 trillion yuan (roughly $274 billion) of Chinese central government bonds, about 5.9% of the total outstanding. Counting all Chinese bond types, including policy bank and corporate debt, more than 1,160 foreign institutions held CNY 4.5 trillion (about $616 billion), which is only 2.4 percent of the market. The total has probably risen since then, because foreign money came back in 2026. I didn’t find a clean 2026 figure. The monthly ChinaBond (CCDC) custody reports would have it.

Foreign investors mostly stay out of the rest of the market. Their holdings are concentrated in central government and policy bank bonds, with very little in corporate or local government bonds, because of liquidity and credit concerns. The large majority of Chinese government debt is held domestically, mainly by Chinese commercial banks.

Where: China doesn’t publish holdings by country. Economists estimate it from IMF CPIS survey data plus custody records:

  • Foreign central banks are the largest group. The largest holders are Asian financial centers, especially Hong Kong and Singapore, along with foreign central banks, notably Russia’s. Ranked by type of holder, central banks come first, followed by commercial banks. More than 80 central banks hold yuan in their reserves.
  • Hong Kong and Singapore are the main private channels. Much of this reflects custody and fund domicile rather than who ultimately owns the bonds.
  • US, European and other Western investors hold smaller positions, mostly through global index and bond funds. The same Brookings analysis notes that China is unusual here: for other emerging markets, most bond investment comes from advanced economies, led by the euro area and then the US.

A caution on country figures: holdings are often recorded where the bonds are custodied, not where the owner is based. So Hong Kong’s numbers likely include Western funds, and possibly mainland money coming back in.

Yes, very low, both by historical standards and compared with the US.

Current level: China’s 10-year government bond yield was about 1.68% as of September 18. The record low was 1.596% in February 2025, and the all-time high was 4.722% in November 2013.

Compared with the US: The US 10-year yields above 4.3%, so US Treasuries pay roughly 250+ basis points more.

Why the yields are so low:

  • The PBOC is keeping monetary policy loose.
  • Inflation expectations are weak.
  • A property slump and weak loan demand leave Chinese banks with cash, and they put it into sovereign bonds. That keeps prices high even as the government issues more debt.

Why foreigners buy anyway:

  • Currency gains: If the yuan rises against the dollar, a foreign holder earns that on top of the coupon. Yuan appreciation has been one of the main draws this year.
  • Diversification: Chinese bonds have moved almost independently of US and European stocks and bonds. Fidelity found their yield correlation near zero in 2025.
  • Stability: Prices have been steady while US, European and Japanese bonds sold off.
  • Hedged returns: Because Chinese rates are much lower than US rates, a dollar investor who hedges the currency can end up with a return close to US levels despite the low stated yield.

The catch: With producer prices now rising about 3.8% a year, the real (after-inflation) return from the bond alone is thin or negative. Buyers are mostly betting on the currency, safety, and diversification rather than on income.

Interestingly, in 2027/28, we will likely see articles extolling that the average debt rating has gone up so much … because 4 out of 5 of these are very highly rated companies (above AA). That still won’t change the high amount of low rated debt coming due.